Moderation at Local Level: How Does Post-Islamism Elite Become More Moderate?

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Alamsyah Muhammad Djafar
Ahalla Tsauro

Abstract

The explanation of when and under what conditions post-Islamism elite is more moderate toward democratic values is still up for debate. The majority of studies explain these issues at the national level without taking into account the local dynamics and variety of experiences. Based on a comparative study on Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (Prosperous Justice Party or PKS) at the local level (Depok and Sukabumi City, West Java) on the acceptance and repudiation of religious freedom rights, this study argues that moderation is not a linear process and is largely determined by strategic confidence, where the moderation can maintain or even expand their power and influence. This study demonstrates how social pressure, organizational structure, and political experience are interconnected and influence the choice of moderation or immoderation.

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How to Cite
Djafar, A. M., & Tsauro, A. (2023). Moderation at Local Level: How Does Post-Islamism Elite Become More Moderate?. Religió Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 13(2), 137–164. https://doi.org/10.15642/religio.v13i2.2464
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Author Biography

Ahalla Tsauro, National University of Singapore

 

 

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