Rekonsiliasi Arab Saudi dan Iran dalam Perspektif Konstruktivisme
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract
This article describes the reconciliation between Saudi Arabia and Iran that recently occurred. This study aims to explore more deeply related to how the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran is post-reconciliation. Then, revealing China's interests as an actor mediating Saudi-Iran. The writer uses constructivism theory as a tool to analyze the discussion. Then the author uses a qualitative type method with a literature study approach. This research concludes that reconciliation between Saudi Arabia and Iran through Chinese mediation succeeded in reuniting the two countries which were often involved in tensions for a long time. This reconciliation also has an impact on the political constellation in the Middle East where countries in alliance with Saudi and Iran will be softer towards countries that are considered enemies. Then, China has an interest in increasing its economic sector in the Middle East such as the BRI policy, especially with Saudi-Iran. Then China expects maximum support from Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries in international forums. Furthermore, China seeks to compete with the United States as a threat in the field of security through its presence in the Middle East as a party capable of giving hope for peace..
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Alghannam, H. (2023). Symposium on the Chinese-Brokered Iran-Saudi Deal. The Institute for Peace & Diplomacy, 1-23.
aljazeera.com. (2023, April 8). Saudi Foreign Ministry Says Delegation Arrives in Iran. Retrieved from Aljazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/8/saudi-foreign-ministry-says-delegation-arrives-in-iran
Aras, B. (2023). Saudi-Iranian Normalization and its Repercussions on Israel-Iran Confrontation (Restoration of Saudi-Iranian Ties: Wider Geopolitical Implications). Gulf Studies Center Policy Brief, 11, 1-10.
Bakir, A. (2022). The Saudi – Turkish Normalization: Impact on ties with Iran? CeSPI, Brief, 47, 1-4.
Bakry, U. S. (2017). Dasar-dasar hubungan internasional. Depok: Kencana.
Batrawy, A. (2023, Juny 6). Iran Reopens its Embassy in Saudi Arabia as the Gulf Rivals Restore Ties. Retrieved from npr.org: https://www.npr.org/2023/06/06/1180157114/iran-reopens-embassy-in-saudi-arabia
Battaloglu, N. H. (2023). Saudi-Iranian Normalization and its Repercussions on Israel-Iran Confrontation. Gulf Studies Center, Policy Brief, 11, 1-10.
Benmansour, M. (2023, June 6). Iran's Embassy Reopens in Saudi Arabia for First Time in Seven Years. Retrieved from reuters.com: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-embassy-reopens-saudi-capital-riyadh-al-arabiya-tv-2023-06-06/
Castro, R. (2023). How a Saudi-Iranian Reconciliation Aids Israel. BESA Center Perspectives Paper, 192(2), 1-3.
crisisgroup.org. (n.d.). How Beijing Helped Riyadh and Tehran Reach a Detente. Retrieved from crisisgroup.org: https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa-saudi-arabia-iran-china/how-beijing-helped-riyadh-and-tehran-reach-detente
Divsallar, A. (2023). Symposium on the Chinese-Brokered Iran-Saudi Deal. The Institute for Peace & Diplomacy, 1-23.
Dormer, R. (2017). The Impact of Constructivism on International Relations Theory: A History. Social Sciences Review, 22, 51-64.
en.mfa.ir. (n.d.). Foreign Ministers of Iran, Saudi Arabia Hold Phone Conversation. Retrieved from en.mfa.ir: https://en.mfa.ir/portal/newsview/719746/Foreign-Ministers-of-Iran-Saudi-Arabia-hold-phone-conversation
en.mfa.ir. (n.d.). Foreign Ministers of Iran, Saudi Arabia Hold Positive Meeting. Retrieved from en.mfa.ir: https://en.mfa.ir/portal/newsview/716483/Foreign-Ministers-of-Iran-Saudi-Arabia-hold-positive-meeting
fmprc.gov.cn. (2023, March 11). Joint Trilateral Statement by the People's Republic of China, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Retrieved from fmprc.gov.cn: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202303/t20230311_11039241.htm
Hardani, Auliya, N. H., Andriani, H., Fardani, R. A., Ustiawaty, J., Utami, E. F., & Istiqomah, R. R. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif. Yogyakarta: CV. Pustaka Ilmu Group Yogyakarta.
Hopf, T. (1998). The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23(1), 171-200.
Houghton, B. (2022). China’s Balancing Strategy Between Saudi Arabia and Iran: The View from Riyadh. Asian Affairs, 53(1), 124-144. doi:10.1080/03068374.2022.2029065
indonesia.cri.cn. (2023, April 11). Perubahan Signifikan Situasi Timur Tengah Pasca Rekonsiliasi Arab Saudi dan Iran di Beijing. Retrieved from Indonesia.cri.cn: https://indonesian.cri.cn/2023/04/11/ARTIo1sqDCvFBNfYM70R2Wq9230411.shtml
Jalal, I. (2023, April 5). China and the Saudi-Iran Rapprochement: Implications for Yemen. Retrieved from mei.edu: https://www.mei.edu/publications/china-and-saudi-iran-rapprochement-implications-yemen
Litvak, M. (2017). Iran and Saudi Arabia: Religious and Strategic Rivalry. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 49-54.
Lons, C., Fulton, J., Sun, D., & Al-Tamimi, N. (2019). China's Great Game in the Middle East. Policy Brief, 1-33.
Machmudi, Y. (2020). Timur Tengah dalam Sorotan: Dinamika Timur Tengah dalam Perspektif Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara.
middleeastmonitor.com. (2023, April 18). Diplomat: Iran, Saudi Arabia to Reopen Embassies by 9 May. Retrieved from Middle East Monitor: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230418-diplomat-iran-saudi-arabia-to-reopen-embassies-by-9-may/
middleeastmonitor.com. (2023, April 28). Iran Foreign Minister Says Embassies in S. Arabia, Iran to Open 'Within Days'. Retrieved from Middle East Monitor: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230428-iran-foreign-minister-says-embassies-in-s-arabia-iran-to-open-within-days/
Oktorino, N. (2015). Konflik Bersejarah: Pedang Sang Khalifah. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.
Orr, B., & Yaakoubi, A. E. (2023, April 6). Top Iranian, Saudi Envoys Meet in China in Restoration of Diplomatic Ties. Retrieved from reuters.com: https://www.reuters.com/world/foreign-ministers-iran-saudi-meet-china-2023-04-06/
Raco, J. R. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif: Jenis, Karakteristik dan Keunggulannya. Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.
Sari, I. (2023). The Impact of the Iran-Saudi Arabia Deal on the Middle East: A New Wave of Regional Normalization? Orsam Analysis, 312, 1-24.
Shaher, S. A. (2023, April 9). How did Beijing Succeed in Achieving the Saudi-Iranian Reconciliation? Retrieved from moderndiplomacy.eu: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/04/09/how-did-beijing-succeed-in-achieving-the-saudi-iranian-reconciliation/
Shine, S., Guzansky, Y., & Shavit, E. (2023). Iran and Saudi Arabia Renew Relations. Institute for National Security Studies, 1695, 1-5.
Sinha, A. (2023, April 3). Saudi-Iran Deal and China’s Growing Influence in the Middle East. Retrieved from The Kootneeti.in: https://thekootneeti.in/2023/04/03/saudi-iran-deal-and-chinas-growing-influence-in-the-middle-east/
spa.gov.sa. (n.d.). Chinese Senior Diplomat: Resumption of Relations Between Saudi Arabia and Iran is 'Victory' for Peace. Retrieved from spa.gov.sa: https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/89d1471e9bn
Theys, S. (2018, February 23). Introducing Constructivism in International Relations Theory. Retrieved from e-ir.info: https://www.e-ir.info/2018/02/23/introducing-constructivism-in-international-relations-theory/pp 1-4
Walt, S. M. (n.d.). Significance of the Iran-Saudi Arabia Agreement Brokered by China. Retrieved from belfercenter.org: https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/significance-iran-saudi-arabia-agreement-brokered-china
Wicaksana, I. G. (2016). Konstruktivisme. In V. Dugis, Teori Hubungan Internasional Perspektif-Perspektif Klasik (pp. 102-167). Surabaya: Cakra Studi Global Strategis (CSGS).
Yang, W. (n.d.). Iran-Saudi deal: China's growing clout in the Middle East. Retrieved from dw.com: https://www.dw.com/en/iran-saudi-deal-chinas-growing-clout-in-the-middle-east/a-64983922.
Zaaimi, S. (n.d.). Is Saudi-Iran Reconciliation Threatening the Future of Israeli Normalization? Retrieved from Atlantic Council: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/is-saudi-iran-reconciliation-threatening-the-future-of-israeli-normalization/